STREAM™ Overview

Building a Graphene Refinery

STREAM™ is the proprietary production technology at the foundation of Argo’s vision to build a vertically integrated graphene refinery, converting carbon-rich feedstocks into high-performance graphene materials for commercial applications.

Developed by Dr. Vikas Berry and Grapherry, Inc., STREAM™ was designed to address key challenges that have historically limited graphene commercialization, including scalability, consistent quality, manufacturing efficiency and commercial integration.

The technology provides two distinct production pathways: STREAM-G™ for graphene and STREAM-O™ for graphene oxide, giving Argo the ability to produce advanced materials with characteristics designed for specific industrial markets.

A Smarter Way to Produce Graphene

BUILT FOR COMMERCIALIZATION

Scalable Production

Designed as a refinery for commercial manufacturing.

Consistent Quality

Focused on repeatable material characteristics required for industrial adoption

Manufacturing Efficiency

Designed to address the economics and scalability of graphene production

Feedstock Flexibility

Produces advanced graphene materials from carbon-rich feedstocks.

Two Material Pathways

Produces both graphene and graphene oxide for different performance requirements and applications.

argographene

WHY STREAM™ MATTERS

High-Value Materials

Advanced graphene materials designed for applications where performance and material efficiency matter.

Market Versatility

Two material pathways support different material requirements across multiple industrial markets.

Commercial Opportunity

STREAM™ is being developed to support applications across construction, energy, composites, coatings, and other advanced-material markets.

From Feedstock to Advanced Materials

STREAM™ is designed to convert selected carbon-rich feedstocks into high-performance graphene materials for commercial applications.

STREAM-G process
STREAM-G process

Multiple Carbon Sources. Greater Strategic Flexibility.


STREAM™ is designed to produce advanced graphene materials from multiple carbon-rich feedstocks, reducing reliance on mined natural graphite as the primary raw material.

This feedstock flexibility is an important component of Argo’s graphene refinery strategy, providing advantages in raw-material sourcing, supply-chain resilience, production flexibility and manufacturing economics.

WHY FEEDSTOCK FLEXIBILITY MATTERS

  • No Graphite Dependence
    STREAM™ provides a pathway to graphene production without requiring mined natural graphite as its primary feedstock.
  • Flexible Feedstock Integration
    Our technology integrates with diverse carbon feedstocks, enabling upcycling of carbon-rich waste streams into high-value graphene.
  • Supply-Chain Resilience
    Diversified feedstocks can reduce exposure to concentrated global graphite supply chains and geopolitical disruption.
  • Scalable Manufacturing
    Feedstock optionality may support production closer to customers and end markets as Argo advances its graphene refinery strategy.

 

How the STREAM™ production platform works

Graphene process
Graphene process

The proprietary STREAM™ production platform is engineered to support reliable, scalable graphene manufacturing for commercial deployment.

✓ Scalable Production

✓ Consistent Quality

✓ Manufacturing Efficiency

✓ Feedstock Flexibility

✓ Two Material Pathways

STREAM™ Technology Insights

STREAM-G™ | Graphene

Engineered for Performance. Designed for Commercialization.

STREAM-G™ is Argo’s proprietary production pathway for producing micron-scale, few-layer, low-defect graphene from carbon-rich feedstocks.

The technology is designed to preserve the characteristics that make graphene valuable, including high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical strength and large continuous sheet architecture, while supporting consistent and scalable production for industrial applications.

STREAM-G™ is being developed as an advanced performance material, with potential applications spanning:


  • Energy Storage

  • AI Infrastructure

  • Electronics

  • Composites

  • Coatings and other industrial markets.

Argo’s objective is to deliver measurable performance improvements with STREAM-G™, qualify the material for targeted applications and advance successful formulations toward commercial adoption.

Not all graphene materials are the same.

Sheet size, layer count, defects, morphology and conductivity can significantly influence how graphene performs within a finished product.

STREAM-G™ is designed to produce large-area graphene structures that support continuous electrical and thermal transport and enhance mechanical strength, even at relatively low loadings.

  • Micron-Scale Sheets
    Larger continuous graphene sheets can support efficient conductive and reinforcing pathways.
  • Few-Layer Structure
    Designed to retain graphene’s desirable material properties while supporting practical industrial use.
  • Low-Defect Material
    Fewer structural defects can help preserve electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance.
  • High Conductivity
    Designed for applications where efficient electrical and thermal transport are important.
  • Carbon-Rich Feedstocks
    Produced without relying exclusively on mined natural graphite, creating potential advantages in feedstock availability and supply-chain flexibility.
  • Strength
    Large-area graphene sheets can provide effective mechanical reinforcement, helping improve strength and durability at relatively low material loadings.

STREAM-O™ | Graphene Oxide

Engineered for Integration. Built for Versatility.

STREAM-O™ is Argo’s proprietary production pathway for graphene oxide (GO), an advanced graphene-derived material engineered for integration into a wide range of formulations and material systems.

Oxygen-containing functional groups give graphene oxide properties distinct from graphene, including enhanced dispersibility and chemical functionality, making it particularly valuable for applications where effective integration and interaction with other materials are critical.


Commercial Potential

Argo intends to develop STREAM-O™ as a high-value functional additive for applications where dispersion, material interaction, further functionalization with targeted chemical moieties, and performance enhancement can create measurable commercial benefits.

Successful validation could open commercialization opportunities across multiple industries while expanding the range of advanced materials produced through Argo’s graphene refinery.

Highly dispersible. Chemically functional. Effective at low loading.
STREAM-O™ expands the possibilities of the graphene refinery.

Graphene oxide combines water dispersibility, chemical functionality, and strong interaction with surrounding materials, enabling effective integration into applications where conventional graphene can be more difficult to incorporate.

These characteristics make GO particularly relevant for cementitious materials, composites, coatings, agriculture, membranes, and other advanced formulations.

  • Enhanced Dispersibility
    Designed for effective integration into water-based and other compatible material systems.
  • Chemical Functionality

    Oxygen-containing functional groups enable interaction and bonding with surrounding materials and provide sites for further chemical functionalization.
  • High Surface Area
    Large-area, thin graphene oxide sheets provide substantial interfacial contact with surrounding materials, supporting effective performance at low loadings.
  • Low-Loading Potential

    Designed to deliver meaningful material performance at relatively low concentrations.
  • Material Versatility

    Suitable for integration across diverse formulations and material systems, including cementitious materials, composites, coatings, agriculture, and membranes.
  • STREAM™ Integration

    Produced from STREAM-G™ graphene through the STREAM-O™ oxidation process, creating an integrated pathway from carbon feedstock to graphene and graphene oxide.

Initial testing of STREAM™-derived graphene oxide in cement demonstrated an approximately 60% increase in 7-day compressive strength at only 0.05 wt% relative to cement by weight, equivalent to approximately five parts graphene oxide per 10,000 parts cement by weight, compared with control samples across multiple test batches. Argo is continuing its testing and validation program.

Feedstocks

Multiple Carbon Sources. Greater Strategic Flexibility.


STREAM™ is designed to produce advanced graphene materials from multiple carbon-rich feedstocks, reducing reliance on mined natural graphite as the primary raw material.

This feedstock flexibility is an important component of Argo’s graphene refinery strategy, providing potential advantages in raw-material sourcing, supply-chain resilience, production flexibility and manufacturing economics.

A Strategic Supply-Chain Opportunity

The United States remains 100% net-import reliant on natural graphite, while China accounted for approximately 46% of U.S. natural graphite imports from 2021–2024 and an estimated 82% of global production in 2025.

STREAM™ offers Argo a differentiated approach: convert selected carbon-rich feedstocks into high-value graphene materials without relying exclusively on the conventional mined-graphite supply chain.


Feedstock flexibility. No graphite dependence.

Greater supply-chain resilience.
A strategic foundation for scalable graphene manufacturing.

  • No Graphite Dependence

STREAM™
    provides a pathway to graphene production without requiring mined natural graphite as its primary feedstock.
  • Flexible Sourcing

    Multiple carbon sources provide greater flexibility to evaluate raw materials based on availability, cost and production requirements.
  • Supply-Chain Resilience

    Diversified feedstocks can reduce exposure to concentrated global graphite supply chains and geopolitical disruption.
  • Scalable Manufacturing

    Feedstock optionality may support production closer to customers and end markets as Argo advances its graphene refinery strategy.

High-surface-area few-layer graphene synthesized via upcycling of carbonaceous feedstocks. Designed for applications in construction, composites, and energy storage.

Property

Typical Value

Form

Fluffy Dry Powder

Appearance

Black

Number of Layers

~1–5 layers

Particle Size

~1–5 µm lateral sheet size

Crystallinity

Turbostratic

Carbon Purity

99.7%, predominantly sp² carbon

Electrical Conductivity

1–3 × 10³ S/m

Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy analysis confirms a high-quality, low-defect few-layer graphene.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

XPS analysis confirms predominantly sp²-bonded carbon with minimal oxygen functionalization, consistent with high-purity few-layer graphene.

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

A dominant (002) peak XRD confirms minimal crystalline impurities.

Additional technical information coming soon.

Commercializing the Future of Advanced Materials.

We develop advanced graphene-enhanced materials that improve strength, durability, and sustainability across construction, energy, composites, agriculture, and human health.

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